Godot UI / Control nodes (4.x)

Lay out responsive UI with Control anchors and Container nodes, style it with a
Theme, and make it navigable by keyboard and gamepad. Targets Godot 4.7.

When to use

• Use when building HUDs, menus, inventories, dialog boxes, or settings screens with
  Control-derived nodes; arranging UI that adapts to window size; theming; or wiring
  focus navigation for controller/keyboard.

When not to use: in-world 2D nodes (Node2D/sprites) → godot-nodes-scenes;
animating UI transitions → godot-animation (Tween); genre UIs like card hands →
card-game/visual-novel. For full input rebinding → input-systems.

Core workflow

1. Use Control nodes for UI, not Node2D. Controls have a rect (position + size),
   anchors, and participate in focus/theming.
2. Anchor for responsiveness. Anchors are fractions (0–1) of the parent rect that the
   Control's edges stick to. Use the editor's Layout presets (Top-Left, Full Rect,
   Center, etc.) instead of hand-placing pixels.
3. Let Containers position children. Put children in a VBoxContainer,
   HBoxContainer, GridContainer, MarginContainer, etc. — the container sets their
   position/size; you control flow with size_flags. Don't set child anchors inside a
   container (it overrides them).
4. Style with a Theme. Assign a Theme resource on a top Control; children inherit
   it. Override per-node with theme overrides only when necessary.
5. Wire focus so gamepad/keyboard can move between buttons; set a default focused
   control and define neighbors or rely on auto-neighbor.
6. Connect signals (pressed, toggled, text_submitted, value_changed).

Patterns

1. Responsive layout with anchors (code form)

extends Control

func _ready() -> void:
    # Stretch this panel to fill its parent (equivalent to the "Full Rect" preset).
    anchors_preset = Control.PRESET_FULL_RECT
    # Or set anchors manually: all four edges at the parent's far corners.
    # anchor_left = 0; anchor_top = 0; anchor_right = 1; anchor_bottom = 1

2. A menu built from containers + button signals

extends VBoxContainer    # children stack vertically, auto-sized

func _ready() -> void:
    for child in get_children():
        if child is Button:
            child.pressed.connect(_on_button_pressed.bind(child.name))
    # Give the first button focus so a gamepad can navigate immediately.
    if get_child_count() > 0:
        (get_child(0) as Control).grab_focus()

func _on_button_pressed(which: StringName) -> void:
    match which:
        "PlayButton":  get_tree().change_scene_to_file("res://game.tscn")
        "QuitButton":  get_tree().quit()

3. Size flags: make one child expand to fill leftover space

# In a HBoxContainer: a label on the left, a spacer that eats remaining width.
func _ready() -> void:
    $Label.size_flags_horizontal = Control.SIZE_SHRINK_BEGIN
    $Spacer.size_flags_horizontal = Control.SIZE_EXPAND_FILL   # grows to fill

4. Theme override for one node (without a full Theme resource)

func _ready() -> void:
    # Per-node overrides: use add_theme_* (type-specific setters).
    $Title.add_theme_font_size_override("font_size", 32)
    $Title.add_theme_color_override("font_color", Color.GOLD)
    $Panel.add_theme_stylebox_override("panel", preload("res://ui/panel.stylebox.tres"))

Pitfalls

• Mixing manual position with Containers. A child of a Container cannot set its own
  position/anchors — the container owns layout. To free-place, take the node out of the
  container or use a plain Control/PanelContainer wrapper.
• Anchors vs offsets. Anchors are fractions of the parent; offsets are pixel deltas
  from the anchored point. Set anchors via presets, then nudge with offsets. Setting only
  position while anchors are at 0 makes UI not scale with the window.
• Node2D for UI. Buttons/labels parented under a Node2D won't theme or take focus
  correctly. Keep UI under a CanvasLayer/Control subtree.
• Focus lost on gamepad. If nothing is focused, directional input does nothing. Call
  grab_focus() on an initial control and ensure focus_mode is not FOCUS_NONE.
• Theme vs theme override. A Theme resource styles a whole subtree; add_theme_*
  overrides one node. Overusing per-node overrides defeats centralized theming.
• rect_* properties are renamed. Godot 3's rect_size/rect_position/rect_min_size
  are now size/position/custom_minimum_size in 4.x.
• mouse_filter on a full-rect Control can swallow clicks meant for nodes beneath it;
  set MOUSE_FILTER_IGNORE on purely decorative panels.

References

• For the anchor/offset math, every Container type, building/extending Theme and StyleBox
  resources, focus neighbor wiring, and CanvasLayer for HUDs, read
  references/layout-and-theming.md.

Related skills

• game-ui-ux — cross-engine UI/UX: responsive scaling, safe areas, focus navigation, screen flow.
• godot-animation — Tween-based UI transitions and juicing.
• godot-signals-groups — connecting UI events to game logic.
• input-systems — rebindable input and multi-device focus.
• card-game / visual-novel — UI-heavy genre templates.