Flexible Typography

Design type systems that flex with the user — scaling smoothly,
spacing generously, and never breaking when someone needs text
larger, more spaced, or in a different font.

Core Requirements

Relative Units Always

• Use rem for font sizes (relative to root, user-controllable)
• Use em for spacing that should scale with text
• Never use px for font size — it overrides user preferences
• Base font size: let the browser default (usually 16px) be your
  starting point, don't override it

Minimum Sizes

• Body text: 1rem minimum (never smaller)
• Small text / captions: 0.875rem minimum
• Labels and UI text: 0.875rem minimum
• If text is essential, it should be readable without zooming

Line Height

• Body text: 1.5 minimum (WCAG requirement)
• Headings: 1.2–1.3 (tighter is acceptable for large text)
• Line height should scale with font size — use unitless values
  (1.5 not 24px)

Spacing

• Paragraph spacing: at least 1.5× the font size
• Letter spacing: don't compress below browser default
• Word spacing: don't compress below browser default
• Users must be able to override spacing without breaking layout
  (WCAG 2.1 Level AA, Success Criterion 1.4.12)

Design Patterns

Scalable Type Scale

• Define a type scale using relative ratios (1.25, 1.333, 1.5)
• Each step should be perceptibly different
• 4–6 sizes is enough for most interfaces
• Example: 0.875rem, 1rem, 1.25rem, 1.5rem, 2rem, 2.5rem

User-Override Safe

• Don't set fixed heights on text containers
• Use min-height instead of height for elements containing text
• Let containers grow when text grows
• Test with: 200% text size, 200% zoom, extra letter and word spacing
• If layout breaks at any of these, the CSS needs fixing

Font Selection

• Prioritise readability over aesthetics
• Sans-serif fonts are generally easier for screen reading
  (but this is preference, not rule — test with your audience)
• Ensure the chosen font has:
  • Clear distinction between similar characters (Il1, 0Oo, rn/m)
  • Consistent x-height
  • Adequate character spacing at default settings
• Provide a font-family stack that degrades gracefully
• Never prevent users from overriding with their preferred font

Dark Mode Typography

• Reduce font weight slightly in dark mode (light text on dark
  backgrounds appears heavier than dark text on light)
• Ensure contrast meets 4.5:1 minimum in both modes
• Avoid pure white (#fff) on pure black (#000) — the extreme
  contrast causes halation for some users. Use off-white on
  dark grey instead

Assessment Checklist

• All font sizes use rem or em, never px
• Body text is at least 1rem
• Line height is at least 1.5 for body text
• Layout survives 200% text scaling without breaking
• Layout survives user-applied letter and word spacing overrides
• Text containers use min-height, not fixed height
• Font has clear character distinction (Il1, 0Oo)
• Both light and dark modes meet contrast requirements