After-Action Review

Conduct a structured debrief to extract learning from any significant event or experience.

Instructions

Work through the four core questions honestly and specifically. Focus on events and systems, not blaming individuals.

Output Format

Event: What are we reviewing?
Date: When did it happen?
Participants: Who was involved?

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1. What Was Expected?

Before the event, what did we think would happen?

Goals/Objectives

• [What were we trying to achieve?]

Plan

• [What was the plan to achieve it?]

Success Criteria

• [How would we know if we succeeded?]

Assumptions

• [What did we assume would be true?]

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2. What Actually Happened?

Facts only—what occurred, not why

Timeline

Time	Event
[When]	[What happened]

Outcomes

• [What results did we get?]

Compared to Expected

Expected	Actual	Gap
[expectation]	[reality]	[+/-]

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3. Why the Difference?

Analysis of the gap between expected and actual

What Went Well (sustain these)

Success	Contributing Factors
[what worked]	[why it worked]

What Didn't Go Well (improve these)

Problem	Root Cause
[what failed]	[why it failed]

Surprises

• [Things we didn't anticipate]

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4. What Do We Do Next?

Specific actions to sustain or improve

Sustain (keep doing these)

Action	Owner	How to Protect It
[what to continue]	[who]	[mechanism]

Improve (change these)

Action	Owner	By When
[what to change]	[who]	[deadline]

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Key Takeaways
Top 3 lessons from this review:

1. [Lesson]
2. [Lesson]
3. [Lesson]

Follow-up
When will we check if improvements are working?

Guidelines

• Do this soon—memory fades fast
• Be specific: "Communication failed" → "We didn't update Slack until hour 3"
• Balance: Include what went well, not just problems
• Assign owners: Insights without ownership become forgotten
• Make it safe: Blame shuts down honesty

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