OpenTelemetry

Core Principles

1. Three pillars, one setup — Configure traces, metrics, and logs through a single AddOpenTelemetry() call. Use UseOtlpExporter() for cross-cutting export to any OTLP-compatible backend.
2. Use IMeterFactory for metrics — Never create Meter instances with new. The factory manages lifetime through DI and prevents leaks.
3. Null-safe activities — StartActivity() returns null when no listener is attached. Always use ?. when setting tags or events.
4. Environment variables over code — Use OTEL_EXPORTER_OTLP_ENDPOINT and OTEL_SERVICE_NAME so deployments control telemetry routing without code changes.
5. Low-cardinality metric tags — Keep metric tag combinations under ~1000 per instrument. Use span attributes or logs for high-cardinality data like user IDs or request IDs.

Patterns

Full Setup with All Three Signals

// Program.cs
var builder = WebApplication.CreateBuilder(args);

builder.Services.AddOpenTelemetry()
    .ConfigureResource(resource => resource
        .AddService(
            serviceName: builder.Environment.ApplicationName,
            serviceVersion: "1.0.0"))
    .WithTracing(tracing => tracing
        .AddAspNetCoreInstrumentation()
        .AddHttpClientInstrumentation()
        .AddEntityFrameworkCoreInstrumentation()
        .AddSource("MyApp.Orders"))
    .WithMetrics(metrics => metrics
        .AddAspNetCoreInstrumentation()
        .AddHttpClientInstrumentation()
        .AddRuntimeInstrumentation()
        .AddMeter("MyApp.Orders"))
    .WithLogging(logging => logging
        .AddOtlpExporter());

// Cross-cutting OTLP export for traces + metrics (configured via env vars)
builder.Services.AddOpenTelemetry()
    .UseOtlpExporter();

The OTLP endpoint defaults to http://localhost:4317 (gRPC). Override via:

OTEL_EXPORTER_OTLP_ENDPOINT=http://collector:4317
OTEL_SERVICE_NAME=MyApp.Api

Custom Metrics with IMeterFactory

Register a metrics class as a singleton. IMeterFactory handles Meter disposal through DI.

public sealed class OrderMetrics
{
    private readonly Counter<int> _ordersCreated;
    private readonly Histogram<double> _orderDuration;
    private readonly UpDownCounter<int> _activeOrders;
    private readonly Gauge<double> _queueDepth;

    public OrderMetrics(IMeterFactory meterFactory)
    {
        var meter = meterFactory.Create("MyApp.Orders");

        _ordersCreated = meter.CreateCounter<int>(
            "myapp.orders.created", "{orders}", "Number of orders created");

        _orderDuration = meter.CreateHistogram<double>(
            "myapp.orders.duration", "s", "Order processing duration",
            advice: new InstrumentAdvice<double>
            {
                HistogramBucketBoundaries = [0.01, 0.05, 0.1, 0.5, 1, 5, 10]
            });

        _activeOrders = meter.CreateUpDownCounter<int>(
            "myapp.orders.active", "{orders}", "Currently active orders");

        _queueDepth = meter.CreateGauge<double>(
            "myapp.orders.queue_depth", "{items}", "Current queue depth");
    }

    public void OrderCreated() => _ordersCreated.Add(1);
    public void RecordDuration(double seconds) => _orderDuration.Record(seconds);
    public void OrderStarted() => _activeOrders.Add(1);
    public void OrderCompleted() => _activeOrders.Add(-1);
    public void SetQueueDepth(double depth) => _queueDepth.Record(depth);
}

// Registration
builder.Services.AddSingleton<OrderMetrics>();

Multi-Dimensional Metric Tags

Three or fewer tags are allocation-free. For more, use TagList.

// Allocation-free (3 or fewer tags)
_ordersCreated.Add(1,
    new KeyValuePair<string, object?>("order.type", "standard"),
    new KeyValuePair<string, object?>("payment.method", "credit_card"));

// 4+ tags — use TagList to avoid allocations
var tags = new TagList
{
    { "order.type", "standard" },
    { "payment.method", "credit_card" },
    { "region", "us-east" },
    { "priority", "high" }
};
_ordersCreated.Add(1, tags);

Custom ActivitySource for Distributed Tracing

public sealed class OrderService(ILogger<OrderService> logger)
{
    private static readonly ActivitySource Source = new("MyApp.Orders");

    public async Task<Order> ProcessOrderAsync(CreateOrderRequest request, CancellationToken ct)
    {
        using var activity = Source.StartActivity("ProcessOrder", ActivityKind.Internal);
        activity?.SetTag("order.customer_id", request.CustomerId);

        try
        {
            await ValidateOrder(request, ct);
            activity?.AddEvent(new ActivityEvent("OrderValidated"));

            var order = await SaveOrder(request, ct);
            activity?.SetTag("order.id", order.Id.ToString());
            activity?.SetStatus(ActivityStatusCode.Ok);
            return order;
        }
        catch (Exception ex)
        {
            activity?.SetStatus(ActivityStatusCode.Error, ex.Message);
            activity?.RecordException(ex);
            throw;
        }
    }
}

Register the source: .AddSource("MyApp.Orders") in the tracing builder.

Aspire Dashboard for Local Development

Run the standalone Aspire Dashboard without Aspire orchestration:

docker run --rm -it -p 18888:18888 -p 4317:18889 \
    mcr.microsoft.com/dotnet/aspire-dashboard:latest

Then point your app at it:

OTEL_EXPORTER_OTLP_ENDPOINT=http://localhost:4317

Dashboard UI is at http://localhost:18888.

Source-Generated Logging with OTel

For maximum performance, use [LoggerMessage] — eliminates boxing and allocations.

public partial class OrderService(ILogger<OrderService> logger)
{
    [LoggerMessage(Level = LogLevel.Information,
        Message = "Processing order {OrderId} for customer {CustomerId}")]
    partial void LogOrderProcessing(Guid orderId, Guid customerId);
}

OpenTelemetry logging automatically includes TraceId and SpanId when an Activity is current.

Anti-patterns

Don't Create Meters Per Request

// BAD — new Meter per request causes memory leaks
public void HandleRequest()
{
    var meter = new Meter("MyApp");
    meter.CreateCounter<int>("requests").Add(1);
}

// GOOD — singleton via IMeterFactory
public class MyMetrics(IMeterFactory meterFactory)
{
    private readonly Counter<int> _requests =
        meterFactory.Create("MyApp").CreateCounter<int>("myapp.requests");
    public void RequestHandled() => _requests.Add(1);
}

Don't Skip Null Checks on Activity

// BAD — NullReferenceException when no listener is attached
using var activity = source.StartActivity("Work");
activity.SetTag("key", "value");

// GOOD — null-safe
activity?.SetTag("key", "value");

Don't Use High-Cardinality Metric Tags

// BAD — unbounded cardinality causes memory explosion in collectors
_counter.Add(1, new("request.id", Guid.NewGuid().ToString()));
_counter.Add(1, new("user.id", userId));

// GOOD — low-cardinality dimensions only
_counter.Add(1, new("http.method", "GET"), new("http.status_code", 200));

Don't Mix UseOtlpExporter with AddOtlpExporter

// BAD — throws NotSupportedException at runtime
builder.Services.AddOpenTelemetry()
    .UseOtlpExporter()
    .WithTracing(t => t.AddOtlpExporter());

// GOOD — use one approach
builder.Services.AddOpenTelemetry().UseOtlpExporter();

Don't Forget to Register Custom Sources

// BAD — activities silently dropped (no listener registered)
var source = new ActivitySource("MyApp.Custom");
using var activity = source.StartActivity("Work"); // null!

// GOOD — register in the tracing builder
otel.WithTracing(t => t.AddSource("MyApp.Custom"));
otel.WithMetrics(m => m.AddMeter("MyApp.Custom"));

Decision Guide

Scenario	Recommendation
Full observability setup	AddOpenTelemetry() with all three signals + UseOtlpExporter()
Custom business metrics	IMeterFactory + singleton metrics class
Custom trace spans	ActivitySource + StartActivity()
Local development backend	Aspire Dashboard standalone container
Production backend	OTel Collector as intermediary to Grafana/Datadog/etc.
Sampling in production	OTEL_TRACES_SAMPLER=parentbased_traceidratio with 10% ratio
High-performance logging	[LoggerMessage] source generator
Metric tag cardinality	Max ~1000 combinations per instrument
Environment configuration	OTEL_* env vars (also work via appsettings.json)