Environment Variables

Patterns for managing and validating environment variables using t3-env with Zod.

Configuration file: src/lib/env.ts

Variable Types

Client Variables (VITE_ prefix)

Variables the browser can read. Must have VITE_ prefix to be exposed to client code.

• Public API endpoints
• Public keys (Stripe publishable key, analytics ID)
• Feature flags for UI

Server Variables (no prefix)

Variables only available on the server. Never exposed to the browser.

• API secrets and private keys
• Database connection strings
• Internal service URLs

Shared Variables

Values derived from the build environment, available in both contexts.

• DEV - Whether running in development mode
• NODE_ENV - Current environment

Vite Exposure Rules

Vite only exposes variables prefixed with VITE_ to client code via import.meta.env. Variables without this prefix are only available server-side.

Prefix	Client	Server	Example
VITE_*	Yes	Yes	VITE_API_URL
No prefix	No	Yes	DATABASE_URL

Usage

import { env } from "@/lib/env";

console.log("Is dev?", env.DEV);

Environment Files

The project uses two environment files with different purposes:

File	Purpose	Git
.env	Development defaults (local URLs, non-sensitive config)	Committed
.env.local	Secrets, API keys, overrides	Ignored

Load order (highest priority first):

1. .env.local - Overrides, secrets (never committed)
2. .env - Development defaults (committed)

This pattern allows:

• Easy onboarding - clone and run with sensible defaults
• Secrets stay out of git
• Production values set in deployment environment

Adding New Variables

1. Add to src/lib/env.ts with Zod validation in appropriate section (client, server, or shared)
2. If it's a sensible development default (local URL, etc.): add to .env
3. If it's a secret or API key: add to .env.local
4. Configure in deployment environment
5. Add a test in the co-located test file (src/lib/env.test.ts) verifying the validation accepts correct values and rejects invalid ones.

Quick Reference

Task	Action
Access env var	import { env } from "@/lib/env"
Client variable	Add to client with VITE_ prefix
Server variable	Add to server (no prefix, never exposed to browser)
Shared variable	Add to shared (build-time values)
Validation	Use Zod schemas (z.string(), z.boolean(), etc.)