Only stop to ask the user when: the project description, counterfactual, or sponsor is missing.
Never stop to ask about: sector detection, lens choice, formatting, table layout, output filename, or which methods to use. Pick sensible defaults and keep moving.

Before starting, run this silently. If it outputs UPDATE_AVAILABLE, tell the user:
"A new version of econstack is available. Run cd ~/.claude/skills/econstack && git pull to update."
Then continue with the skill normally.

~/.claude/skills/econstack/bin/econstack-update-check 2>/dev/null || true

After the update check, run this silently to load prior learnings for this project:

eval "$(~/.claude/skills/econstack/bin/econstack-slug)"
~/.claude/skills/econstack/bin/econstack-learnings-read --limit 3 2>/dev/null || true

If learnings are found, apply them. When a prior learning influences a decision, note: "Prior learning applied: [key]".

Capturing new learnings: After completing this skill, log new insights via:

~/.claude/skills/econstack/bin/econstack-learnings-log '{"skill":"...","type":"...","key":"...","insight":"...","confidence":N,"source":"observed|user-stated|inferred"}'

Types: framework (preferred appraisal framework), parameter (custom overrides), data-source (preferred data), output (past report references), operational (tool/env quirks), preference (formatting/style). Confidence: 9-10 observed/stated, 6-8 strong inference, 4-5 weak. User-stated never decays; observed/inferred lose 1 point per 30 days. All data stored locally. Nothing transmitted.

After the update check, verify the parameter database is available and check staleness:

PARAMS_DIR="$HOME/econstack-data/parameters"
if [ -d "$PARAMS_DIR" ]; then
  PARAM_COUNT=$(find "$PARAMS_DIR" -name "*.json" 2>/dev/null | wc -l | tr -d ' ')
  echo "PARAMS: $PARAM_COUNT files loaded from $PARAMS_DIR"

  # Check for stale files (last_verified > 2 years ago)
  STALE=$(find "$PARAMS_DIR" -name "*.json" -mtime +730 2>/dev/null | wc -l | tr -d ' ')
  if [ "$STALE" -gt 0 ]; then
    echo "PARAMS_WARNING: $STALE file(s) not updated in 2+ years. Run: cd ~/econstack-data && git pull"
  fi
else
  echo "PARAMS: not found. Using built-in defaults. For full parameter support: git clone https://github.com/charlescoverdale/econstack-data.git ~/econstack-data"
fi

If PARAMS_WARNING appears, tell the user which parameter files may be stale and recommend updating. Continue with the skill normally using whatever parameters are available.

Safety rules for this skill:

1. Parameter database is read-only. Never write to, modify, or delete files in ~/econstack-data/parameters/. These are shared, versioned parameters maintained separately. If a parameter needs updating, tell the user to update the econstack-data repo.

2. Confirm before overwriting. Before writing an output file, check if a file with the same name already exists. If it does, ask the user: "A file named [filename] already exists. Overwrite it, or save with a new name?" Do not silently overwrite.

At the end of every skill run, report one of these statuses:

• DONE: Analysis complete, output generated, all sections finished.
• DONE_WITH_CONCERNS: Output generated but with caveats (e.g., data gaps, assumptions that need review, sections below expected depth).
• BLOCKED: Cannot proceed (e.g., missing critical input, parameter database unavailable, framework not supported).
• NEEDS_CONTEXT: Need more information from the user before continuing.

Format: STATUS: [status] | [one-line reason]

/longlist: Benefits and Costs Longlist

The pre-CBA brainstorming skill. Produces a single clean longlist of benefits and costs for a project, with materiality (H/M/L), how to quantify each item, and how to monetise it. Designed to hand straight off to any downstream CBA or business case workflow.

The output is two tables. That is the whole skill.

Arguments

/longlist [project description] [options]

Examples:

/longlist "New secondary school in Leeds"
/longlist "Climate adaptation via city greening, Milan"
/longlist "Mandatory climate disclosure for large EU firms" --framework eu-brg
/longlist "Victorian level crossing removal" --framework au-vic
/longlist "Rural water supply project, Indonesia" --framework adb
/longlist "Urban transport upgrade, Nairobi" --framework wb
/longlist "Rural broadband rollout" --benefits-only

Options:

• --framework <name> : uk-gb (default), eu-brg, wb, adb, or au-vic. Auto-detected from context if not set.
• --sponsor <type> : government (default), private, blended, philanthropic. Drives the Cash flow column. Anchors what counts as cash on whose books. See Step 1.
• --section <name> : Emit only one sub-component. Options: full (default), benefits (benefits table only), costs (costs table only), summary (cash flow summary only). Combinable with commas.
• --benefits-only / --costs-only : Legacy aliases. Equivalent to --section benefits and --section costs.
• --format <type> : Output format(s). Options: markdown (default, always generated), xlsx, word, pptx, pdf, or all. Comma-separate for multiple.
• --client "Name" : Add "Prepared for" metadata to the output.

Supported frameworks

Flag	Framework	Use when
uk-gb	UK HM Treasury Green Book (2022, with Wellbeing supplementary 2021)	Default. Public investment, infrastructure, programmes, place-based interventions. Categories: cash-releasing, non-cash quantifiable, qualitative, distributional, wellbeing, carbon.
eu-brg	EU Better Regulation Guidelines (2021, SWD(2021) 305)	Regulations and EU-level interventions. Categories: economic, social, environmental, fundamental rights, SMEs, competitiveness. Compliance costs via Standard Cost Model. Companion methodology in the Better Regulation Toolbox.
wb	World Bank Economic Analysis of Investment Operations (OP 10.04; 2023 Technical Note)	World Bank-financed projects in low and middle income countries. Economic rate of return (ERR), economic NPV at country-specific discount rate, distributional incidence, poverty impact, incremental approach. Standard shadow pricing for tradables, non-tradables, labour.
adb	Asian Development Bank Guidelines for the Economic Analysis of Projects (2017 revision)	ADB-financed projects in Asia and the Pacific. Economic internal rate of return (EIRR), 9% hurdle rate (reducible to 6% for climate, health, education), poverty and distributional analysis, willingness-to-pay for non-traded outputs.
au-vic	Victorian Treasury High Value High Risk (HVHR) framework	Victorian Government projects above the HVHR threshold (typically AUD 100m capital, or otherwise designated high risk). Six-gate assurance process. Benefits expressed against an Investment Logic Map (ILM) and a Benefit Management Plan with named owners, KPIs, baselines, targets, and realisation timeframes. Disbenefits captured explicitly. ATAP M1 applies for transport sub-cases.

Auto-detection rules:

• Mentions of "HVHR", "Investment Logic Map", "ILM", "Victorian Government", "Victoria", "Melbourne", "Geelong", or AUD with Victorian context -> au-vic
• Mentions of "ADB", "Asian Development Bank", or Asian DMC context (Pakistan, Bangladesh, Indonesia, Philippines, Vietnam, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Pacific Islands) with project finance framing -> adb
• Mentions of "World Bank", "IBRD", "IDA", "IFC project", or Africa / Latin America public investment context -> wb
• Mentions of "regulation", "RIA", "compliance cost", "directive", "EU", "EUR", "Member State", "SMEs", "Brussels", "EC", "ESMA" -> eu-brg
• Everything else -> uk-gb

Instructions

Step 1: Get project description, counterfactual, and sponsor

Ask the user in ONE AskUserQuestion batch. If the project description was given on the command line, only ask for the remaining items.

Required questions:

1. Project description (free text, 2-3 sentences). What is it, where, what is it trying to achieve.
2. Counterfactual (free text). What happens if the project does NOT go ahead? This must be dynamic: what evolves over time without intervention (deterioration, demand growth, committed policies in the pipeline).
3. Sponsor (multiple choice, default = Government / municipality). Who is the named funder whose books we are tracking for cash flow? Options:
   • Government / municipality (default)
   • Private investor (equity or debt)
   • Blended (government + private + grants)
   • Philanthropic / grant-funded

The sponsor anchors the Cash flow column. An item is cash in when real money moves onto the sponsor's books, cash out when real money moves off, and non-cash when the social value has no money attached to the sponsor. Same item can be cash to a municipality and non-cash to a private investor, so the sponsor choice matters.

If --sponsor was passed on the command line, skip the sponsor question. Default is government.

Do NOT ask sector, scale, type, lens, materiality thresholds, or anything else. Detect them from the description.

If project description or counterfactual is missing or vague, ask once more for clarification, then proceed with best guess.

Step 2: Brainstorm internally (do NOT narrate to the user)

Silently walk through these lenses to surface candidates. Do not show the working. The output is the table, not the brainstorm.

1. Stakeholders: who is the direct beneficiary, who is indirectly affected (supply chain, neighbours, community, government, future generations, environment), who loses?
2. Causal chain (compressed ToC): inputs -> activities -> outputs -> outcomes -> impacts. Benefits sit mostly at outcomes/impacts. Costs sit mostly at inputs/activities.
3. Framework taxonomy: walk through every category for the chosen framework (see below). This catches benefits invisible through stakeholder mapping alone.
4. Sector trap check: for the detected sector, what is commonly missed and what is commonly double-counted?

For uk-gb, the categories are:

• Cash-releasing benefits (direct budget savings)
• Non-cash quantifiable (outputs delivered, harms avoided)
• Non-cash qualitative (quality, safety, satisfaction)
• Distributional (impacts on low-income, protected characteristics, regions)
• Wellbeing (WELLBY)
• Carbon and environmental (split into operational vs embodied)

For eu-brg, the categories are:

• Economic impacts (GDP, productivity, innovation, competitiveness)
• Business impacts including SMEs (compliance costs via SCM)
• Consumer impacts (prices, choice, safety, information)
• Social impacts (employment, equality, health, social inclusion)
• Environmental impacts (climate, biodiversity, resources)
• Fundamental rights and territorial impacts

For wb (World Bank), the categories are:

• Incremental project benefits (with-project minus without-project, consistent with the counterfactual)
• Direct economic benefits to intended beneficiaries (user time savings, yield uplift, avoided cost, improved health outcomes)
• Distributional incidence by income decile and poverty headcount impact
• Environmental externalities (local and global, with carbon at shadow price)
• Fiscal effects (changes to government revenue and spending, relevant to sustainability)
• Willingness-to-pay for non-marketed outputs
• Risk and sensitivity (since Bank guidance emphasises scenario testing over optimism bias uplift)

For adb (Asian Development Bank), the categories are:

• Economic benefits quantified against the without-project counterfactual using shadow prices for tradables and non-tradables
• Willingness-to-pay for incremental output, with consumer surplus where demand curves can be estimated
• Resource cost savings (avoided imports, avoided electricity generation, avoided user cost)
• Poverty impact, distributional analysis, and gender-disaggregated benefits where material
• Climate co-benefits and carbon priced at the ADB shadow carbon price
• Labour benefits valued at shadow wage rates (urban and rural skilled / unskilled)
• Sensitivity and switching values (ADB requires switching values on headline variables)

For au-vic (HVHR), the categories follow the Investment Logic Map and Benefit Management Plan structure:

• Strategic benefits (alignment with the ILM problem-benefit logic, government priorities)
• Service delivery benefits (improved access, quality, reliability for end users)
• Cost savings (cash-releasing or avoided cost across the asset life)
• Revenue generation (new or expanded revenue streams)
• Risk reduction (avoided losses, resilience, regulatory compliance, safety)
• Asset condition and lifecycle benefits (extended useful life, deferred renewal)
• Wider economic benefits (per ATAP M1 for transport; agglomeration, productivity, labour supply)
• Environmental benefits (carbon at the Australian shadow price, biodiversity, water)
• Distributional impacts (regional Victoria, equity groups, Aboriginal Victorians)
• Disbenefits (HVHR requires negative impacts to be captured explicitly alongside benefits)

Each HVHR benefit MUST have: a named owner, a measurable KPI, a baseline, a target, a measurement method, and a realisation timeframe. The longlist captures the KPI and measurement method in the quantification column. The owner, baseline, target, and timeframe are added downstream in the CBA or business case.

Target longlist size: 8-15 benefits and 5-10 costs. Do not pad. Do not produce 30 items.

Step 3: Apply filters before tabulating

Drop or downgrade items that violate any of these rules. If something is dropped, list it once in the "Excluded" section below the table with a one-line reason. Do not put excluded items in the main table.

Always exclude:

• Sunk costs. Resources already committed that cannot be recovered. Green Book 2022 §5.17.
• Transfers (in social CBA). Tax revenue on new earnings, council tax from new residents, welfare payments — these move money between parties without creating real resources. Note them as fiscal effects, not social benefits.

Always flag and downgrade (move to Excluded with reason):

• Construction employment when capital cost is already on the cost side. The labour is paid for inside the capex line. Only include if there is genuine local labour market slack and the user explicitly asks.
• Land value uplift when journey time savings (or any direct accessibility benefit) is already counted. Land values capitalise the same effect.
• Tax receipts on earnings when gross individual earnings are already on the benefits side.

Step 4: Build the two tables

Each table has seven columns. Use H/M/L for materiality based on expected share of total NPV (H = top 3-5 items / >20% each; M = 5-20%; L = <5%).

For the Cash flow column, tag each item from the sponsor's perspective (set in Step 1):

• Cash in : real money moves onto the sponsor's books. Examples: user fees, ticket sales, grant receipts, avoided opex the sponsor would otherwise pay, avoided capex the sponsor would otherwise fund, lease or rental income.
• Cash out : real money moves off the sponsor's books. Examples: construction capex, operating expenditure, irrigation water bills, debt interest, maintenance, contractor payments.
• Non-cash : social value with no money attached to the sponsor. Examples: heat deaths avoided, WELLBYs, biodiversity net gain, air quality improvements, carbon sequestration (unless the sponsor can actually sell credits).

Rules for tagging:

• Avoided municipal costs (e.g. avoided stormwater grey infrastructure) are Cash in when the sponsor is the municipality: the sponsor would otherwise have paid them.
• Avoided healthcare costs are Cash in when the sponsor is the healthcare system (NHS, SSN, Medicare) and Non-cash when the sponsor is a local municipality or a private investor.
• Carbon sequestration is Non-cash by default. Mark it Cash in only if the sponsor can actually monetise the carbon (registered offset credits in a functioning market).
• Property value uplift is Non-cash to a public sponsor (it accrues to private landowners), and already flagged as a likely double-count anyway.
• Construction capex and annual O&M are always Cash out.
• Embodied construction carbon is Non-cash (social cost, no money to anyone).
• Transfers go to Excluded (as today). They are neither cash flow nor social value.

If the sponsor is blended, tag the item from the perspective of whoever bears or receives the dominant share.

For the quantification method, write a short concrete approach: how to measure the item in physical units. Examples: "tCO2e sequestered per ha × ha planted × decay curve", "heat-related deaths avoided estimated from EuroHEAT exposure-response × heat days × population in catchment", "compliance hours per business × number of affected businesses × frequency".

For the monetisation method, write the route from physical units to money: a published unit value, an analytical approach, or "qualitative only - narrative treatment". Cite the specific source. Examples: "DESNZ shadow carbon price (Italy: EU ETS price as proxy)", "Italian VSL ~ EUR 1.6m per fatality avoided", "Standard Cost Model: hours × median wage × frequency".

If no method exists for an item, write "Qualitative only - narrative treatment" in the monetisation column. Do not leave blank.

Step 5: Write the output

Save longlist-[slug]-[YYYY-MM-DD].md with this exact structure. Nothing more, nothing less.

# Longlist: [Project Name]

**Framework**: [uk-gb | eu-brg | au-vic] · **Sponsor**: [government | private | blended | philanthropic] · **Date**: [YYYY-MM-DD]
**Project**: [1-2 sentence project description]
**Counterfactual**: [1-2 sentence dynamic baseline]

## Benefits

Table 1: Benefits longlist.

| # | Benefit | Description | Materiality | Cash flow | Quantification method | Monetisation method |
|---|---------|-------------|:-----------:|:---------:|----------------------|---------------------|
| 1 | [name] | [one sentence] | H | Cash in / Non-cash | [physical-unit method] | [unit value or approach with source] |
| 2 | ... | ... | M | ... | ... | ... |
| ... | | | | | | |

Source: Authors' analysis using [framework name].

## Costs

Table 2: Costs longlist.

| # | Cost | Description | Materiality | Cash flow | Quantification method | Monetisation method |
|---|------|-------------|:-----------:|:---------:|----------------------|---------------------|
| 1 | [name] | [one sentence] | H | Cash out / Non-cash | ... | ... |
| ... | | | | | | |

Source: Authors' analysis.

## Excluded

- **[Item name]**: [reason — sunk cost / double-counts row N / transfer / etc.]
- ... (omit this section entirely if no exclusions)

## Cash flow summary

| Side | Cash items (count) | Non-cash items (count) | Note |
|------|:------------------:|:----------------------:|------|
| Benefits | [n_cash_in] | [n_non_cash_benefits] | [one line, e.g. "Most benefits are non-cash social value; requires public or philanthropic funding"] |
| Costs | [n_cash_out] | [n_non_cash_costs] | [one line, e.g. "All costs are cash out from the sponsor"] |

## Next step

Hand this to a downstream CBA or business case workflow to monetise and compute both economic and financial NPV.

<!-- KEY NUMBERS
type: longlist
project: [name]
framework: [framework]
sponsor: [sponsor]
n_benefits: [count]
n_costs: [count]
n_h_benefits: [count]
n_h_costs: [count]
n_cash_in_benefits: [count]
n_non_cash_benefits: [count]
n_cash_out_costs: [count]
n_non_cash_costs: [count]
date: [YYYY-MM-DD]
-->

That is the entire output. No methodology section. No shortlist section. No detail tables. No JSON companion.

Sub-component selection (via --section): if the user wants only part of the output, emit only those parts. In all modes include the header block.

• full (default): header + both tables + Excluded + Cash flow summary + next step
• benefits: header + benefits table only
• costs: header + costs table only
• summary: header + cash flow summary only
• benefits,costs: both tables without summary / excluded / next step

Always include the KEY NUMBERS comment at the bottom.

Format-specific output structure (only produce formats explicitly requested; see dispatcher below):

• Markdown (.md): longlist-[slug]-[date].md with the structure shown above.
• Excel (.xlsx): invoke the xlsx skill. Two sheets: Benefits and Costs, seven columns each. Conditional formatting on the materiality column (green H, amber M, grey L) and on the Cash flow column (green "Cash in", red "Cash out", grey "Non-cash"). Save as longlist-[slug]-[date].xlsx.
• Word (.docx): invoke the docx skill. One document: header block, benefits table, costs table, excluded list, cash flow summary. Save as longlist-[slug]-[date].docx.
• PowerPoint (.pptx): invoke the pptx skill. Four slides: title / counterfactual, benefits table, costs table, cash flow summary. Action titles. Save as longlist-[slug]-[date].pptx.
• PDF: render markdown through the econstack Quarto template. Save as longlist-[slug]-[date].pdf.

Output formats

The user requests format(s) via --format. Default: md. Comma-separated lists are allowed (e.g. --format md,pdf); all expands to every supported format.

For each format explicitly requested, produce that file and only that file:

• md: write the markdown inline (only when md is in the requested set).
• docx: invoke the docx skill with the rendered content.
• pdf: render via the econstack Quarto template (or invoke the pdf skill if no template exists for this skill).
• xlsx: invoke the xlsx skill with the structured tables.
• pptx: invoke the pptx skill with the briefing as a deck.

Do NOT produce formats that were not requested. This is the v0.4 fix for the multi-format leak that previously caused --format pdf to also write .md and .docx files alongside the PDF. Any intermediate files needed during rendering must go to a temp directory and be cleaned up before the skill returns.

When you finish, the file listing in your "Saved:" message must contain exactly the files the user asked for, no extras.

Tell the user:

Longlist complete. [N] benefits, [M] costs.

Saved: longlist-[slug]-[date].md
[Other formats listed only if generated]

Citation discipline

Every numerical claim in the output must be followed by an inline citation in the form [SOURCE_CODE, vintage]. SOURCE_CODE is a short tag (e.g. ONS_PSF, OBR_EFO, BoE_MPR, Fed_FOMC, ECB_EB, RBA_SoMP, IMF_WEO, OECD_EO, Eurostat, BLS, BEA, FRED, ABS, Comtrade) matching an entry in the References footer. vintage is the publication date of the source data (e.g. Mar 2026, Q4 2025, Jan 2026).

Examples:

CPI was 3.4% YoY in March 2026 [ONS_CPI, Mar 2026].

The OBR forecasts borrowing falling to 1.6% of GDP by 2028-29 [OBR_EFO, Mar 2026].

Industry concentration is moderate: HHI is 1,820 across the top 8 firms [Companies_House, Q4 2025].

Numbers that cannot be sourced to a primary publication must NOT appear in the output. No exceptions: do not estimate, infer from training data, interpolate, or recall from memory. If a needed number isn't in fetched data, state it explicitly:

[Source] has not yet published this measure for [period].

Self-check before output: scan the draft for every number. If any number lacks an inline citation, either add the citation or remove the number. Citation density should be roughly even across sections; a section with no citations is a red flag that the section was generated rather than sourced.

Factuality

When citing parameter values (carbon prices, QALY values, VTTS, optimism bias percentages, distributional weights), use values from ~/econstack-data/parameters/ rather than recall. The parameter database is the source of truth and is dated. If a parameter is not in the database, state that and use a built-in default with an explicit "fallback" annotation. Do not invent or interpolate parameter values from memory.

Common gotchas: HMT Green Book STPR is currently 3.5% with a declining schedule for long horizons (Annex 6); DESNZ shadow carbon price varies by year and is published annually; QALY GBP 70k is the Green Book wellbeing supplement value, not the NICE HTA threshold (GBP 20k to 30k). Cite which is which.

Out of scope (unless explicitly requested)

A longlist is a brainstorm, not a CBA. Do NOT:

• Recommend which benefits or costs to pursue. That is a downstream judgement.
• Compute NPV, BCR, or rank-order options.
• Apply optimism bias or sensitivity analysis here. Those belong in CBA.
• Pre-quantify items as "M" or "L" without explaining the materiality reasoning in one line.
• Skip items because they are likely to be small. Materiality is L, not zero.

If the user asks for any of the above, route to /cba or /business-case (downstream CBA / business-case skills) rather than expanding longlist scope.

Method library (for filling in the quantification + monetisation + cash flow columns)

This is a lookup the skill uses internally. Do not show it to the user. Pick the closest match for each item; if nothing fits, fall back to "primary research" or "qualitative only". The Cash flow column assumes a government sponsor. Adjust for other sponsors per Step 4 rules (e.g. avoided NHS costs are Cash in to the NHS as sponsor but Non-cash to a municipality).

UK Green Book defaults (uk-gb)

Item type	Quantification	Monetisation	Cash flow (gov sponsor)
Travel time savings	Minutes saved × annual trips	DfT TAG values per minute by purpose. TAG Data Book.	Non-cash
Accidents avoided	Casualties avoided by severity	TAG A4.1 casualty unit costs	Non-cash
Carbon (operational)	tCO2e by year	DESNZ shadow carbon price	Non-cash
Carbon (embodied)	RICS Whole Life Carbon × capex	DESNZ shadow carbon price	Non-cash
QALYs	Cohort × per-person QALY gain	GBP 70k/QALY (Green Book wellbeing supp.); cite NICE GBP 20-30k for HTA	Non-cash
Avoided NHS admissions	Admissions avoided	NHS Reference Costs (HRG)	Cash in (NHS) or Non-cash (other sponsor)
Wellbeing	WELLBYs gained	GBP 13k per WELLBY	Non-cash
Earnings uplift	Cohort × wage premium × deadweight discount	DfE returns to qualifications	Non-cash
Avoided welfare spend	Person-years unemployed avoided	GMCA Unit Cost Database	Cash in (central government)
Land value uplift	Hectares × uplift factor	MHCLG Land Value Estimates (only if not double-counting)	Non-cash to public sponsor
Air quality	tonnes of pollutant reduced	Defra air quality damage costs	Non-cash
Flood risk reduction	Properties protected × probability	EA Flood Damage Costs	Non-cash (unless sponsor owns protected assets)
Biodiversity	BNG units	Natural England BNG metric, Defra ENCA	Non-cash (unless credits are sold)
Recreation / amenity	Visits, hectares	Defra ENCA values, or hedonic pricing	Non-cash (unless fees charged)
User fees / charges / tickets	Users × tariff	Market tariff schedule	Cash in
Grant receipts	Award amount × draw-down profile	Grant agreement	Cash in
Construction (capital)	GIA × £/sqm or BoQ	BCIS, SPON's	Cash out
Operating and maintenance	Annual estimate	2-5% of capex (BCIS FM benchmarks)	Cash out
Optimism bias	% uplift on capex	HMT Supplementary Green Book Table 1	Cash out

EU Better Regulation defaults (eu-brg)

Item type	Quantification	Monetisation	Cash flow (gov sponsor)
Compliance cost (business)	Affected firms × hours × frequency	Standard Cost Model: hours × median EU/national wage	Non-cash to government; cash out to regulated firms
Familiarisation cost	One-off hours per firm × firms	SCM, one-off	Non-cash to government
Direct business benefits	Cost or time saved per firm	SCM applied to savings side	Non-cash to government
Consumer benefit (prices)	Price change × market size	Price elasticity × price × volume	Non-cash
Consumer benefit (info, choice)	Affected consumers	Stated preference WTP, or "qualitative only"	Non-cash
Safety / fatalities avoided	Fatalities avoided	EU Reference VSL (~ EUR 3.6m, EC 2021); national VSL where available	Non-cash
Carbon (operational)	tCO2e	EU ETS price, or EC Better Regulation shadow carbon price	Non-cash
Air quality	Pollutant tonnes reduced	EEA / NEEDS damage cost values	Non-cash
SME impact	Number of SMEs affected, costs	SCM with separate SME cost share	Non-cash to government
Fundamental rights	Affected rights and groups	Qualitative only - narrative treatment	Non-cash
Environmental (biodiversity, water)	Affected hectares / volumes	EC Natural Capital Accounting where available, otherwise qualitative	Non-cash
Compliance and enforcement (public sector)	FTEs × annual cost	Eurostat labour costs	Cash out
EU grant / structural funds inflow	Award × draw-down profile	Grant agreement (e.g. NextGenerationEU, ERDF, LIFE)	Cash in

World Bank defaults (wb)

Item type	Quantification	Monetisation	Cash flow (gov sponsor)
Travel time savings (transport)	Hours saved × users × trips per year	Shadow wage rate (typically 30-50% of market wage for non-working time in low-income contexts); or local VOT study	Non-cash
Yield uplift (agriculture)	Δ yield (t/ha) × area × farmgate price	FAO price database or country MAFF farmgate prices	Cash in (to farmers, or farmer-owned cooperatives)
Reduced water fetching time	Hours saved × affected population	Shadow wage for women / children (often 0.5x adult wage)	Non-cash
Health outcomes (DALYs / reduced morbidity)	DALYs avoided	GDP per capita × DALYs × 1.0-3.0 GDP multiplier (WHO CHOICE), or country-specific cost-per-DALY	Non-cash
Education (additional years of schooling)	Δ years × cohort × Mincer return	Mincerian earnings function, country-specific coefficient	Non-cash (unless cost-of-schooling avoided)
Electrification (grid or off-grid)	kWh delivered × consumers	Willingness-to-pay studies, or cost of next-best alternative (kerosene, diesel)	Cash in if tariff revenue; else Non-cash
Avoided emissions	tCO2e	World Bank shadow carbon price (USD 40-80/t, rising to USD 50-100 by 2030)	Non-cash
Avoided environmental damage	Physical units × damage cost	World Bank Environmental Economics values, or benefit transfer from peer studies	Non-cash
Operational and maintenance costs	Annual by project type	Country-specific unit costs, or %-of-capex benchmarks	Cash out
Capital costs	BoQ × unit rates	Country construction cost databases, or regional comparables	Cash out

ADB defaults (adb)

Item type	Quantification	Monetisation	Cash flow (gov sponsor)
Transport: travel time savings	Hours saved × users × trips per year	ADB shadow wage rate by country and skill level	Non-cash
Transport: VOC savings	Vehicle-km by type	ADB Transport Appraisal Note VOC formulae, or HDM-4 output	Non-cash
Irrigation yield uplift	Δ yield (t/ha) × area × farmgate price	ADB Economic Analysis reference values; FAO prices adjusted for distortions	Cash in (farmers)
Power generation	kWh produced × net	Willingness-to-pay; or avoided cost of next-best plant; or tariff revenue	Cash in (if tariff revenue retained by sponsor)
Water supply	m³ delivered × consumers	Willingness-to-pay studies (ADB Compendium); or avoided cost of private water vendors	Cash in (if tariff revenue); else Non-cash
Health: DALYs avoided	Cohort × per-person DALY gain	1-3x GDP per capita per DALY, country-specific	Non-cash
Education: wage premium	Graduates × wage premium × deadweight discount	Country-specific Mincerian returns	Non-cash
Carbon benefits	tCO2e	ADB shadow carbon price (USD 36.30/t from 2017, rising)	Non-cash
Gender-specific benefits	Women / girls affected × benefit per person	Same as above, disaggregated and reported separately	Non-cash
Capital costs	BoQ × country construction rates	ADB country construction cost benchmarks, Rawlinsons (regional)	Cash out
Operating and maintenance	Whole-of-life annual estimate	Country-specific benchmarks; typically 2-5% of capex per year	Cash out
Sensitivity and switching values	Required by ADB for all major variables	ADB guidelines specify +/-20% scenarios and switching value computation	n/a

Victoria HVHR defaults (au-vic)

For HVHR projects, every benefit needs a KPI and a measurement method. The "quantification" column captures the KPI; the "monetisation" column cites the unit value or pricing source.

Item type	Quantification (KPI)	Monetisation	Cash flow (gov sponsor)
Travel time savings (transport)	Vehicle-hours saved by mode and purpose	ATAP PV5 unit values per hour by purpose	Non-cash
Vehicle operating cost savings	Vehicle-km by vehicle type	ATAP PV5 VOC formulae	Non-cash (users save; not sponsor)
Road safety improvements	Crashes avoided by severity (fatal / serious / minor)	BITRE crash unit costs; or AUD ~5.4m per fatality (OBPR 2024)	Non-cash
Carbon (operational)	tCO2e by year	Australian shadow carbon price	Non-cash
Carbon (embodied)	RICS WLCA × capex intensity	Same shadow carbon price as operational	Non-cash
Health and wellbeing	QALYs / DALYs gained	AUD 250k/QALY (PBAC reference)	Non-cash
Reliability improvements	Standard deviation of journey time × trips	ATAP PV5 reliability ratio	Non-cash
Accessibility (jobs / services within X minutes)	Population catchment increase	Hedonic property values, or qualitative	Non-cash
Agglomeration / WEBs	Effective density × elasticity	ATAP M1 WEBs methodology (supplementary only)	Non-cash
Service delivery (health, education, justice)	Patient visits, student-years, case throughput	Vic Department service unit costs	Non-cash (unless fees charged)
Asset condition uplift	Asset condition score improvement; renewal years deferred	Avoided renewal capex, discounted to PV	Cash in (avoided future capex by the same sponsor)
Risk reduction	Probability × consequence reduction	Expected value of avoided loss	Cash in if avoided payout is on sponsor's books; else Non-cash
Indigenous and equity outcomes	Specific KPI (e.g. Aboriginal Victorians employed)	Often qualitative; supplement with distributional weights	Non-cash
Disbenefits (HVHR requires explicit capture)	KPI describing the harm	Same source as the analogous benefit; or qualitative	Non-cash (use Cash out only if a real sponsor payout)
User fares / tolls / fees	Users × tariff	Published tariff schedule	Cash in
Commonwealth grant receipts	Award × draw-down profile	Federal funding agreement	Cash in
Construction (capital)	Bill of quantities × Rawlinsons / Cordell rates	Rawlinsons Australian Construction Handbook; Cordell	Cash out
Operating and maintenance	Annual cost estimate	Whole-of-life model; typically 1.5-3% of capex per year	Cash out
Optimism bias / risk contingency	P50 / P90 contingency	Vic DTF Investment Lifecycle Guidelines risk allowance	Cash out
Probity, gateway and assurance costs	Six-gate gateway review fees, probity advisor fees	Bottom-up estimate	Cash out

Universal fallbacks

• No published unit value: state "Primary research: [survey | interviews | Delphi panel | revealed preference]" with rough sample/scope.
• No quantification possible: "Qualitative only - narrative treatment".
• Construction employment: do NOT include unless slack exists; even then, flag and put in Excluded.
• Tax receipts on new earnings: Excluded (transfer).

Important rules

• Counterfactual is mandatory. If the user does not give one, ask once. If still missing, refuse to produce a longlist - the comparison has no meaning without it.
• Sponsor is mandatory for the Cash flow column. Default is government. A non-government sponsor (private investor, blended, philanthropic) changes the tagging significantly for items like avoided public expenditure, user fees, and grant receipts. If the sponsor is genuinely unclear, default to government and note the assumption in the header.
• Cash flow ≠ materiality. A Cash in item is not automatically more important than a Non-cash item. A park project is dominated by Non-cash benefits that still make it worth doing. Cash flow is a separate lens for financial viability, not a ranking.
• Every row must have a Cash flow tag. No blank cells. If unsure, default to Non-cash and explain the tagging in a footnote. Transfers still go to Excluded.
• The brainstorm is internal. Do not show stakeholder lists, ToC steps, or lens-by-lens working in the output. The user wanted a table. Give them a table.
• Maximum three interactive questions. Project description, counterfactual, and sponsor. That is it. Do not pepper the user with sector / scale / lens / materiality questions.
• Materiality is a judgement call. H = top 3-5 items, expected to dominate NPV. M = meaningful but not headline. L = small or speculative.
• Quantification ≠ monetisation. Quantification gives you physical units (tonnes, lives, hours). Monetisation converts to money. Both columns are required for every row.
• Drop, do not bury. Items that fail filters go to the Excluded section, not into the main table greyed out. Keep the main table clean.
• No sunk costs. No transfers in social CBA. No double counts. See the filter rules in Step 3.
• Do not narrate the methodology. No "Methodology" section. No "Lenses applied" footer. No shortlist recommendation. The next-step line is the only metadata that survives.
• Em dashes: never use em dashes in any output. Use commas, colons, parentheses, or "and".

Integration with other skills

• The two tables are designed to hand off directly to any downstream CBA, business case, or RIA workflow. The Cash flow column supports both an Economic NPV (all items at shadow prices) and a Financial NPV (cash items only, at the sponsor's cost of capital).
• /econ-audit can audit a longlist for double counting, transfer inclusion, and filter compliance.