Docker Compose

Orchestrate multi-container applications with declarative YAML configuration.

When to Use This Skill

Use this skill when:

• Running multi-container applications locally
• Setting up development environments
• Defining service dependencies and networking
• Managing application stacks with multiple services
• Creating reproducible development setups

Prerequisites

• Docker Engine with Compose plugin (v2)
• Basic Docker knowledge
• YAML syntax understanding

Basic Configuration

Simple Application Stack

# docker-compose.yml
version: '3.8'

services:
  web:
    build: .
    ports:
      - "3000:3000"
    environment:
      - NODE_ENV=development
      - DATABASE_URL=postgres://postgres:secret@db:5432/myapp
    depends_on:
      - db
      - redis

  db:
    image: postgres:15-alpine
    environment:
      POSTGRES_USER: postgres
      POSTGRES_PASSWORD: secret
      POSTGRES_DB: myapp
    volumes:
      - postgres-data:/var/lib/postgresql/data
    ports:
      - "5432:5432"

  redis:
    image: redis:7-alpine
    ports:
      - "6379:6379"

volumes:
  postgres-data:

Service Configuration

Build Options

services:
  app:
    build:
      context: ./app
      dockerfile: Dockerfile.dev
      args:
        NODE_VERSION: "20"
      target: development
      cache_from:
        - myapp:cache
    image: myapp:dev

Environment Variables

services:
  app:
    environment:
      - NODE_ENV=production
      - API_KEY=${API_KEY}  # From shell or .env file
    env_file:
      - .env
      - .env.local

Port Mapping

services:
  web:
    ports:
      - "3000:3000"           # HOST:CONTAINER
      - "127.0.0.1:9229:9229" # Bind to localhost only
      - "8080-8090:8080-8090" # Port range
    expose:
      - "3000"                # Internal only (no host binding)

Volume Mounts

services:
  app:
    volumes:
      # Named volume
      - app-data:/app/data
      # Bind mount
      - ./src:/app/src
      # Read-only bind mount
      - ./config:/app/config:ro
      # Anonymous volume (for node_modules)
      - /app/node_modules

volumes:
  app-data:
    driver: local

Dependencies

services:
  web:
    depends_on:
      db:
        condition: service_healthy
      redis:
        condition: service_started

  db:
    image: postgres:15
    healthcheck:
      test: ["CMD-SHELL", "pg_isready -U postgres"]
      interval: 10s
      timeout: 5s
      retries: 5

Networking

Custom Networks

services:
  frontend:
    networks:
      - frontend-net

  backend:
    networks:
      - frontend-net
      - backend-net

  db:
    networks:
      - backend-net

networks:
  frontend-net:
    driver: bridge
  backend-net:
    driver: bridge
    internal: true  # No external access

Network Aliases

services:
  db:
    networks:
      backend:
        aliases:
          - database
          - postgres

networks:
  backend:

Resource Limits

services:
  app:
    deploy:
      resources:
        limits:
          cpus: '2'
          memory: 1G
        reservations:
          cpus: '0.5'
          memory: 256M

Multiple Compose Files

Override Files

# docker-compose.yml (base)
services:
  web:
    image: myapp:latest
    ports:
      - "3000:3000"

# docker-compose.override.yml (development - auto-loaded)
services:
  web:
    build: .
    volumes:
      - ./src:/app/src
    environment:
      - DEBUG=true

# docker-compose.prod.yml (production)
services:
  web:
    deploy:
      replicas: 3
    environment:
      - DEBUG=false

Using Multiple Files

# Development (uses override automatically)
docker compose up

# Production
docker compose -f docker-compose.yml -f docker-compose.prod.yml up

# Merge and view final config
docker compose -f docker-compose.yml -f docker-compose.prod.yml config

Profiles

services:
  web:
    image: myapp

  db:
    image: postgres:15

  debug:
    image: busybox
    profiles:
      - debug

  monitoring:
    image: prometheus
    profiles:
      - monitoring

# Run without profiles (web, db only)
docker compose up

# Run with debug profile
docker compose --profile debug up

# Run with multiple profiles
docker compose --profile debug --profile monitoring up

Commands

Lifecycle

# Start services
docker compose up -d

# Start specific service
docker compose up -d web

# Stop services
docker compose stop

# Stop and remove containers
docker compose down

# Stop and remove everything including volumes
docker compose down -v --rmi all

# Restart services
docker compose restart web

Building

# Build images
docker compose build

# Build without cache
docker compose build --no-cache

# Build and start
docker compose up --build

# Pull latest images
docker compose pull

Monitoring

# View logs
docker compose logs -f

# View specific service logs
docker compose logs -f web

# View running services
docker compose ps

# View resource usage
docker compose top

Execution

# Run command in new container
docker compose run --rm web npm test

# Execute in running container
docker compose exec web /bin/sh

# Scale service
docker compose up -d --scale worker=3

Development Workflow

Watch Mode (Compose v2.22+)

services:
  web:
    build: .
    develop:
      watch:
        - action: sync
          path: ./src
          target: /app/src
        - action: rebuild
          path: ./package.json

docker compose watch

Hot Reload Setup

services:
  web:
    build:
      context: .
      target: development
    volumes:
      - ./src:/app/src
      - /app/node_modules
    environment:
      - CHOKIDAR_USEPOLLING=true
    command: npm run dev

Common Patterns

Database Initialization

services:
  db:
    image: postgres:15
    volumes:
      - postgres-data:/var/lib/postgresql/data
      - ./init-scripts:/docker-entrypoint-initdb.d:ro
    environment:
      POSTGRES_DB: myapp

Reverse Proxy

services:
  proxy:
    image: traefik:v3.0
    ports:
      - "80:80"
      - "443:443"
    volumes:
      - /var/run/docker.sock:/var/run/docker.sock:ro
      - ./traefik.yml:/etc/traefik/traefik.yml:ro

  web:
    labels:
      - "traefik.enable=true"
      - "traefik.http.routers.web.rule=Host(`app.localhost`)"

Common Issues

Issue: Container Cannot Resolve Service Name

Problem: Service can't connect to another service by name
Solution: Ensure services are on the same network, check depends_on

Issue: Volume Permissions

Problem: Container can't write to mounted volume
Solution: Match container user UID with host, or use named volumes

Issue: Port Already in Use

Problem: Error binding to port
Solution: Change host port or stop conflicting service

Issue: Changes Not Reflected

Problem: Code changes don't appear in container
Solution: Check volume mounts, rebuild if Dockerfile changed

Best Practices

• Use named volumes for persistent data
• Define healthchecks for database dependencies
• Use profiles to separate optional services
• Keep secrets in .env files (not committed)
• Use override files for environment-specific config
• Pin image versions for reproducibility
• Use networks to isolate service groups
• Leverage watch mode for development

Related Skills

• docker-management - Docker fundamentals
• kubernetes-ops - Production orchestration
• reverse-proxy - Production routing